Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Pharmacognostical standardization of Cicer arietinum (seeds),a traditional antidiabetic drug

Priyanka Rohatgi — 2026-09-03

Abstract

Purpose: In herbal pharmaceuticals there are many plant drugs which are being used since long time as antidiabetic agents. The ultimate objective of the pharmacognostic investigation is to identify of the genuine crude drug and determination of the extent of adulteration or substitution, if any. Establishment of pharmacognostic profile will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

Method: Pharmacognostic standardizations of the antidiabetic herbal drugs such as seeds of Cicer arietinum was carried out to by using macroscopical and microscopical characters, physiochemical studies, phytochemical studies and chromatographic fingerprint profiles.

Results: The study of antidiabetic herbal drugs has revealed total characters of these valuable drugs in detail, covering morphological and microscopical features which differentiate the drugs from its adulterants and looks like materials. Physiochemical studies were conducted to check quality and purity of the herbal drugs. The study of phytochemical screening and chemical testing determined the possible existence of natural chemical compounds and their chemical type by color reactions. Chromatographic fingerprints showed complete chemical profiles of multiple compounds present in the drugs.

Conclusion: Data generated can be utilized to determine correct identity, purity of plant part, adulterants and for authentication and quality control of raw materials used for the development of herbal formulations.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PROMETHAZINE HCL IN BULK AND FORMULATION

Dr. Dipti B. Ruikar — 2026-09-03

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Promethazine Hydrochloride is a first-generation antihistamine widely used for the treatment of allergic conditions, nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, and as a sedative. Reliable analytical methods are essential to ensure its quality, safety, and stability throughout its shelf life. The present study aimed to develop and validate a simple, accurate, precise, and cost-effective UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Promethazine Hydrochloride in bulk and marketed formulations, along with evaluation of its stability under various stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The analytical method was developed using UV spectrophotometry with methanol as the solvent, and absorbance was measured at 253 nm. The method obeyed Beer–Lambert's law over the concentration range of 2–10 µg/mL. Validation was carried out according to analytical parameters including linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Forced degradation studies were performed under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions to assess the stability-indicating capability of the method. Results and Discussion: The developed method exhibited excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9998. The assay of the marketed formulation was found to be 98.01%, meeting pharmacopeial acceptance criteria. Recovery values ranged from 99.82% to 100.79%, confirming the accuracy of the method. Intraday and interday precision showed low %RSD values of 0.414% and 0.389%, respectively, indicating high precision. Among all stress conditions, Promethazine Hydrochloride showed maximum degradation under basic hydrolysis, demonstrating its greater susceptibility to alkaline conditions. The proposed method was simple, reliable, reproducible, and suitable for routine quality control and stability studies.

FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A DUALCOATED TABLET OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE WITH SITAGLIPTIN PHOSPHATE COMBINATION

Suchit Ashok Gajbhiye — 2026-09-03

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that often requires combination therapy for effective glycemic control. Conventional oral dosage forms frequently produce rapid drug release, fluctuating plasma drug concentrations, and require repeated dosing, which may reduce therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. This study aimed to formulate, develop, and evaluate a dual-coated tablet containing a sustained-release core of Metformin Hydrochloride and an immediate-release outer coating of Sitagliptin Phosphate for biphasic drug delivery.

Materials and Methods: Metformin Hydrochloride core tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method using different formulations (F1–F7). The optimized core was coated with a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 5 cps) seal coat followed by an outer drug coating containing Sitagliptin Phosphate. The formulations were evaluated for flow properties, FTIR compatibility, physicochemical characteristics, drug content, disintegration, and in vitro dissolution.

Results: The optimized formulation (F7) demonstrated excellent flow properties with a Carr's Index of 9.09%, Hausner Ratio of 1.10, and Angle of Repose of 29.24°. FTIR analysis confirmed drug–excipient compatibility. The formulation exhibited acceptable physicochemical properties with 97.10% drug content and 95.93% assay. Dissolution studies showed rapid release of Sitagliptin Phosphate (95.00% within 15 minutes) followed by sustained release of Metformin Hydrochloride (88.83% at 540 minutes).

Discussion: The developed dual-coated tablet successfully achieved biphasic drug release and demonstrated satisfactory pharmaceutical performance. The formulation offers a promising approach for improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing dosing frequency, and enhancing patient compliance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF COMPRESSED-COATED TABLET FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Dr. Bhushan Bhoyar — 2026-09-03

Tablets are the most widely utilized solid dosage form for oral drug delivery due to their stability, convenience, and patient compliance. Among advanced drug delivery systems, modified release formulations have gained considerable attention for their ability to optimize therapeutic efficacy and reduce dosing frequency. Compression coating technology, a solvent-free and versatile approach, has emerged as an effective method for developing such systems. Compression-coated tablets, also known as tablet-in-tablet systems, consist of two distinct layers: an inner core and an outer coating. In the present study, a novel compression-coated tablet was designed wherein the inner core provides immediate drug release, while the outer layer is formulated to achieve extended release. The core tablet, prepared as a porous structure, ensures rapid drug release to provide an initial therapeutic effect. The formulation process involves precise positioning of the preformed core tablet within a die partially filled with coating material, followed by addition of the remaining coating powder and compression to form a uniform tablet. However, challenges such as core alignment and mechanical integrity must be carefully addressed during formulation. The developed formulation was evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters, drug content uniformity, and in vitro drug release studies to assess its performance. The results demonstrate that the compression-coated tablet successfully achieves the desired drug release profile, making it a promising approach for combination therapy and controlled drug delivery applications.

Analysis of Fast Fourier Transform Parameters for Heart Rate Variability in Indian Professional Competitive Swimmers During Short-Duration Assessments

Dr SOHAM KISHOR GHOLBA — 2026-09-07

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive marker of autonomic nervous system function and is widely used to assess training adaptation, recovery, and cardiovascular regulation in athletes. Limited data are available regarding frequency-domain HRV parameters among Indian professional competitive swimmers.

Aim: To analyse Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-derived HRV parameters in Indian professional competitive swimmers during resting and post-workout conditions.

Materials and Methods: This observational study included 45 professional competitive swimmers aged 8–24 years who fulfilled predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five-minute Lead II ECG recordings were obtained at rest and after a one-hour intensive swimming session followed by a 15-minute recovery period. Frequency-domain HRV parameters including Very Low Frequency (VLF), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), LF and HF power, and LF/HF ratio were analysed using dedicated HRV analysis software.

Results: VLF and HF frequencies showed minimal reductions following exercise, whereas LF frequency demonstrated a slight increase. LF power increased modestly, while HF power decreased after exercise. The LF/HF ratio increased significantly from 4.44 ± 2.00 at rest to 6.23 ± 2.47 following exercise (p < 0.001), indicating a shift toward sympathetic predominance during the post-workout period.

Conclusion: Frequency-domain HRV analysis demonstrated sympathetic predominance in Indian professional competitive swimmers at rest and after intensive exercise. Elevated LF power and LF/HF ratio may serve as useful indicators of autonomic balance and could assist in identifying inadequate recovery or possible overtraining when interpreted alongside clinical assessment and training history. Larger longitudinal studies are recommended to establish normative values for Indian athletes.

CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS L A COMPREHENSIVE MULTIDISCIPLINARY REVIEW

Bhargav Bhongiri — 2026-09-03

Cissus Quadrangularis L., a perennial succulent climber belonging to the family Vitaceae, is a well-known medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Commonly referred to as “Hadjod” or “Asthi-samharaka,” the plant has been extensively utilized for the management of bone fractures and musculoskeletal disorders. In recent years, growing scientific interest has led to comprehensive investigations into its phytochemical composition and diverse pharmacological activities.

Phytochemical studies have revealed that Cissus Quadrangularis contains a wide array of bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols (β-sitosterol), stilbene derivatives, iridoids, phenolic compounds, calcium, and vitamin C. These compounds contribute synergistically to its therapeutic effects. Experimental and preclinical studies have demonstrated significant osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, wound healing, and potential anticancer activities.

Among its pharmacological properties, the osteogenic and fracture-healing effects are the most extensively documented, with evidence showing stimulation of osteoblast activity, enhanced collagen synthesis, and improved bone mineralization. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms play crucial roles in mediating its protective effects in various pathological conditions. Although preclinical findings are promising and some clinical studies suggest beneficial outcomes, variability in extract standardization and limited large-scale trials necessitate further rigorous research.

Cissus Quadrangularis represents a multifunctional medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential. This review highlights its botanical characteristics, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and emerging clinical evidence, while emphasizing the need for standardized formulations and well-designed clinical studies to validate its efficacy and safety for broader therapeutic applications.

“Clinical Profile and Therapeutic Outcomes in Patients with Rhinitis : A Retrospective Case Series”

Shiva Mishra — 2026-09-07

Rhinitis is a common inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa characterized by symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing , and nasal itching.Rhinitis is of three types : Allergic rhinitis, Non-allergic rhinitis and Infectious rhinitis.Moderate to severe rhinitis can significantly affect sleep, daily activities, and quality of life. This is a series of 5 cases in adult patients suffering with moderate to severe rhinitis. This case series was undertaken to describe the clinical characteristics , laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes among patients presenting with moderate to severe rhinitis.

This retrospective case series included patients diagnosed with moderate to severe rhinitis who attended the outpatient department of Otorhinolaryngology during the study period.Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, possible precipitating factors, and relevant laboratory investigations , including absolute eosinophil count and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) were obtained from medical records.Patients were classified according to the clinical and laboratory findings into allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.Treatment response was assessed clinically during follow-up.